Linguistics

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1.  History of  the  term :

  The  term Applied  Linguistics (AL) is an Anglo-American  coinage. -  Language  Learning  Journal,  published  from  University  of  Mechegan  in  1948,  was  „the  first journal  in  the  world  to  carry  the  term  “applied  linguistics”  in  its  title‟  (Language  Learning 1967:1). -  It  was founded first at the  University  of Edinburgh School of Applied  Linguistics in 1956. -  Then at the  Center of  Applied  Linguistics in Washington D.C. in 1957. -  AL  use  was  propagated  by  those  who  clearly  wanted  to  be  known  as  scientists  and  not  as humanists.   -  The  label  „applied  linguistics‟  was  misleading  as  it  exludes  many  disciplines  bearing  on language  teaching  such  as psychology  and  educational theories. -   AL in the  past based itself on the findings of theoretical linguistics.
 I.2.  Linguistics :

Linguistics  is  the  scientific  study  of  language.  Linguists  do  work  on  specific  languages,  but their  primary  goal is to understand the nature  of  Language  in  general.   •  Linguistics deals with the  study  of  particular languages, and  the search for  general properties common to all languages  or large  groups of languages. •  Linguistics  is  primarily  concerned  with  the  nature  of  language  and  communication.  There are  broadly  three  aspects  to  the  study,  including  language  form,  language  meaning,  and language  use in discursive  and communicative  contexts. 
Linguistics  is  essential  to  applied  linguistics,  but  is  not  the      only  discipline  that  contributes  to it.  Semantics Pragmatic s Linguistic s Phonology Syntax

 I.3. What  is Interdisciplinary Linguistics? 

Morpholog y Sociolinguisti cs Interdisciplinary  studies  involve  two  or  more  academic  disciplines  that  are  considered distinct.  The  most  common  interdisciplinary  branches  of  Linguistics  are:  •  Sociolinguistics,  • Psycholinguistics,  •  Ethnolinguistics  or  Anthropological  Linguistics,  •  Computational Linguistics, • Neurolinguistics. I.4. Applied  Linguistics  Vs.  Linguistics  Applied Davis  and  Elder  (2006:9)  commented  on  Widdowson‟s  distinction  between  Linguistics Applied (LA)  and Applied  Linguistics (AL) thus:    The  differences  between  these  modes  of  intervention  is  that  in  the  case  of  linguistics  applied, the  assumption  is  that  the  problem  can  be  reformulated  by  the  direct  and  unilateral  application of    concepts  and  terms  deriving  from  linguistic  enquiry  itself.  That  is  to  say,  language problems  are  amenable  to  linguistic  solutions.  In  the  case  of  applied  linguistics,  intervention is  crucially  a  matter  of  mediation…applied  linguistics…has  to  relate  and  reconcile  different representations  of  reality,  including  that  of  linguistics  without  excluding  others.  (Widdowson, 2000, p.5). Davis  and  Elder  (2006)  believe  that  AL  looks  outwards  beyond  language  in  an  attempt  to explain and solve  social problems while linguistics applied looks  inward not to solve  language problems  in  the  real  world,  but  to  explicate  and  test  theories  about  language  itself.  To  them, this  means  that  LA  uses  language  data  to  develop  our  linguistic  knowledge  about  language while AL  studies a language  problem with the  intention of  correcting  them  (2006, p.  09).    Linguistics is essential to applied linguistics, but is not the only discipline that contributes to it. Semantics Pragmatic s Linguistic s Phonology Syntax 

I.3. What is Interdisciplinary Linguistics? 

Morpholog y Sociolinguisti cs Interdisciplinary studies involve two or more academic disciplines that are considered distinct. The most common interdisciplinary branches of Linguistics are: • Sociolinguistics, • Psycholinguistics, • Ethnolinguistics or Anthropological Linguistics, • Computational Linguistics, • Neurolinguistics. I.4. Applied Linguistics Vs. Linguistics Applied Davis and Elder (2006:9) commented on Widdowson‟s distinction between Linguistics Applied (LA) and Applied Linguistics (AL) thus: The differences between these modes of intervention is that in the case of linguistics applied, the assumption is that the problem can be reformulated by the direct and unilateral application of concepts and terms deriving from linguistic enquiry itself. That is to say, language problems are amenable to linguistic solutions. In the case of applied linguistics, intervention is crucially a matter of mediation…applied linguistics…has to relate and reconcile different representations of reality, including that of linguistics without excluding others. (Widdowson, 2000, p.5). Davis and Elder (2006) believe that AL looks outwards beyond language in an attempt to explain and solve social problems while linguistics applied looks inward not to solve language problems in the real world, but to explicate and test theories about language itself. To them, this means that LA uses language data to develop our linguistic knowledge about language while AL studies a language problem with the intention of correcting them (2006, p. 09).   

I.5. Restricting the Scope - The limitation of the scope of AL to language teaching mattered at this period because after the 2nd World War the expansion of language teaching (especially of Eng) revealed that many teachers and trainers and supervisors of teachers lacked knowledge about language. - That gap is what applied linguistics was set up to fill. At that time applied linguistics had been successful. Its dedication to language teaching had been remarked in other areas of language use, especially institutional language use (Howatt 1984), leading to an explosion of applied linguistics training, methodology and, perhaps above all, labelling in those other areas. 

I.6. Definitions of AL Applied linguistics:

It  does not lend itself to an easy definition, perhaps because, as Vivian Cook remarks: „Applied Linguistics means many things to many people‟ (Cook 2006). Applied Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry that addresses a broad range of language-related issues in order to understand their roles in the lives of individuals and conditions in society. It draws on a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches from various disciplines–from the humanities to the social and natural sciences–as it develops its own knowledge-base about language, its users and uses, and their underlying social and material conditions. The application of linguistic knowledge to real-world problems … whenever knowledge about language is used to solve a basic language-related problem, we may say that applied linguistics is being practiced. Applied is a technology which makes abstract ideas and research findings accessible and relevant to the real world; it mediates between theory and practice (Kaplan and Widdowson, 1992, p. 76); „The task of applied linguistics is to mediate‟ between linguistics and language use (Cook 2003: 20). A synthesis of research from a variety of disciplines, including linguistics (Hudson 1999); „The academic discipline concerned with the relation of knowledge about language to decision making in the real world‟ (Cook 2003, p. 5). 

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